Suchergebnisse

Disabled people together with other vulnerable groups in the Lithuanian labor market face multiple barriers to employment. Inclusive employment is part of a social integration policy for people with disabilities. The paper presents two main instruments for promoting inclusive employment in Lithuania: social enterprises and active labor market policies (ALMP). The aim of the analysis is to answer the question whether social enterprises and active labor market policies improve the transition of vulnerable groups, especially the disabled, to the open labor market. The article examines the changes in state-supported labor market integration mechanisms using retrospective comparison and secondary data analysis methods. The work is based on the findings from the research "Labor market policies for employment in various conditions of the economic development cycle" (DSTI, 2012), and opensource data provided by the responsible state institutions and international organizations. The analysis of the normative construction and implementation of measures for the integration of vulnerable groups of the population, including the disabled, into the labor market performed from inclusive employment approach showed that the participation of the disabled in the open labor market is less promoted than participation in sheltered employment. The structure of funding for the integration of the disabled into the labor market creates particularly favorable conditions for social enterprises in comparison with other market participants who may intend to employ a disabled person as well but do not have an appropriate status. Even if the rules on the financing of social enterprises were slightly changed during the time, the control of their social integration activities was partially tightened with no means to influence the content of these activities. Previous research on active labor market policies have generally shown positive longterm integration of people with disabilities into the labor market, however, participation of people with ...

Disabled people together with other vulnerable groups in the Lithuanian labor market face multiple barriers to employment. Inclusive employment is part of a social integration policy for people with disabilities. The paper presents two main instruments for promoting inclusive employment in Lithuania: social enterprises and active labor market policies (ALMP). The aim of the analysis is to answer the question whether social enterprises and active labor market policies improve the transition of vulnerable groups, especially the disabled, to the open labor market. The article examines the changes in state-supported labor market integration mechanisms using retrospective comparison and secondary data analysis methods. The work is based on the findings from the research "Labor market policies for employment in various conditions of the economic development cycle" (DSTI, 2012), and opensource data provided by the responsible state institutions and international organizations. The analysis of the normative construction and implementation of measures for the integration of vulnerable groups of the population, including the disabled, into the labor market performed from inclusive employment approach showed that the participation of the disabled in the open labor market is less promoted than participation in sheltered employment. The structure of funding for the integration of the disabled into the labor market creates particularly favorable conditions for social enterprises in comparison with other market participants who may intend to employ a disabled person as well but do not have an appropriate status. Even if the rules on the financing of social enterprises were slightly changed during the time, the control of their social integration activities was partially tightened with no means to influence the content of these activities. Previous research on active labor market policies have generally shown positive longterm integration of people with disabilities into the labor market, however, participation of people with ...

Digital learning has become an everyday experience for a significant part of the population during a pandemic, regardless of their technical and psychological readiness. Both the more and less technologically advanced countries have faced the inevitable need for large-scale deployment of digital learning. This paper presents an assessment of the development of digital learning in Lithuania and the EU countries in 2019, i.e., before the pandemic began. The evaluation is carried out using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, developed by the Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS) using official indicators and expert evaluation.Despite the growing number of studies aimed at assessing the digital divide in modern society and in education in particular, there is still a lack of empirical material to shed light on the link between the extent of digitalization, its determinants (such as national governance in promoting digitalization), and changes in learning outcomes caused by digitalization. The findings from the CEPS study presented in the paper are the first attempt to move beyond the assessment of the prevalence of learning digitalization in different European countries, taking a holistic view of digitalisation-induced changes in learning outcomes and participation with a special focus on digital learning policy as an important component of digitalisation development.The aim of this article is to assess the digital learning situation in Lithuania using the Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning, which was developed before the pandemic in 2019. The progress of European Union countries in developing digital learning is reviewed in the paper, based on the results of CEPS (2019) research. The Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning and the results of Lithuania's assessment using the methodology developed by CEPS are presented here. The description of the situation in Lithuania is based on the second component of the Index titled "Institutions and policies for digital learning".In order to qualitatively assess the country's strategic provisions for digital learning, the method of analysis of the country's strategic documents was applied. Public expert opinions were included into the analysis of the situation in Lithuania. An interpretation of the comparative analysis of the obtained index values is presented.Standard indicators from the Eurostat, Eurobarometer, OECD, Bertelsmann Stiftung, World Bank, and expert surveys were used to create the combined Index of Readiness for Digital Lifelong Learning. The index is constructed as a weighted average of indicators divided into three categories: learning participation and outcomes, institutions and policies for digital learning, and availability of digital learning. The assessment of the situation in the EU countries, carried out according to the developed methodology, allowed to calculate the value of the Index for each country. Lithuania ranks 11th in the overall EU-27 ranking with an Index value of 0.623.A more detailed analysis allowed us to see that the countries' ratings can differ significantly according to the different categories of the Index. The Scandinavian countries lead in terms of learning participation and outcomes and, together with the Netherlands and Austria, in terms of availability of digital learning. Southern European countries received relatively high ratings in the Index category "institutions and policies for digital learning", which reflects their determination to strengthen their position in the digital world. Estonia and the Netherlands also found themselves among the leaders in this category. Lithuania's relatively high position in the list is also based on positive evaluations of the indicators of the second component of the Index (i.e., policies and institutions), while participation and learning outcomes were assessed modestly. Using the example of Lithuania, the article provides arguments in favor of why the second component of the Index should not be given. ; Skaitmeninis mokymas pandemijos metu tapo daugelio gyventojų kasdienybe neatsižvelgiant į jų techninį ir psichologinį pasirengimą. Su neišvengiama būtinybe plačiu mastu diegti skaitmeninį mokymą susidūrė tiek labiau, tiek mažiau technologiškai pažengusios šalys. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamas Lietuvos ir ES šalių skaitmeninio mokymo plėtros 2019 metais vertinimas, t. y. prieš prasidedant pandemijai. Vertinimas atliekamas pasitelkiant pasirengimo skaitmeniniam mokymui indeksą (angl.Index of Readiness for Digital Learning), kurį sukūrė Europos politikos studijų centras (CEPS) pasitelkęs oficialiuosius rodiklius ir ekspertinius vertinimus.Nepaisant gausėjančio skaičiaus mokslinių tyrimų, skirtų skaitmeniniam atotrūkiui šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje ir atskirai švietimo srityje vertinti, dar trūksta empirinės medžiagos nušviesti skaitmenizacijos masto, ją lemiančių veiksnių (pavyzdžiui, nacionalinių vyriausybių vaidmens skatinant skaitmenizaciją) ryšį, taip pat skaitmenizacijos skatinamų mokymo rezultatų pokyčius. Straipsnyje pristatomo CEPS tyrimo rezultatai – pirmas bandymas ne tik įvertinti mokymo skaitmenizacijos paplitimą skirtingose Europos šalyse, bet ir kompleksiškai pažvelgti į skaitmenizacijos nulemtus mokymo pasiekimų ir dalyvavimo pokyčius, išskirtinį dėmesį teikiant skaitmeninio mokymo politikai kaip skaitmenizacijos plėtros veiksniui.Straipsnio tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos situaciją skaitmeninio mokymo srityje prieš pandemiją, atspirties tašku pasirenkant 2019 m. suformuotą pasirengimo skaitmeniniam mokymui visą gyvenimą indeksą. Straipsnyje apžvelgiama Europos Sąjungos šalių pažanga plėtojant skaitmeninį mokymą, remiantis CEPS (2019) tyrimo rezultatais, pristatyti pasirengimo skaitmeniniam mokymui visą gyvenimą indeksą bei Lietuvos situacijos vertinimo rezultatus taikant CEPS sukurtą metodologiją. Lietuvos situacijos aprašymas remiasi antruoju indekso komponentu – skaitmeninio mokymo politika ir ją įgyvendinančiomis institucijomis.Siekiant kokybiškai įvertinti šalyje taikomas skaitmeninio mokymo strategines nuostatas, buvo naudojamas šalies strateginių dokumentų analizės metodas. Analizuojant Lietuvos situaciją taip pat buvo naudojami viešoje erdvėje prieinami ekspertiniai vertinimai. Pateikiama gautų indekso rezultatų lyginamosios analizės interpretacija.Kombinuotam pasirengimo skaitmeniniam mokymui indeksui sukurti buvo taikomi standartiniai "Eurostato", "Eurobarometro", EBPO, "Bertelsmann Stiftung", Pasaulio banko indikatoriai ir ekspertų apklausa. Indeksas konst­ruojamas kaip rodiklių, suskirstytų į tris kategorijas – mokymo rezultatai ir dalyvavimas, institucijos ir įgyvendinama politika bei galimybės naudotis skaitmeniniu mokymusi – svertinis vidurkis. Pagal parengtą metodologiją atliktas ES šalių situacijos vertinimas leido apskaičiuoti kiekvienos šalies pasirengimo skaitmeniniam mokymui visą gyvenimą indekso reikšmę. Lietuva bendroje ES 27 rikiuotėje užima 11-tą vietą su indekso reikšme 0,623.Detalesnė analizė leido pamatyti, kad šalių įvertinimas pagal skirtingas indekso kategorijas gali gerokai skirtis. Skandinavijos šalys pirmauja pagal dalyvavimą rengiantis skaitmeniniam mokymui ir mokymo rezultatus bei kartu su Olandija ir Austrija – pagal skaitmeninio mokymo prieinamumą ir naudojimą. Indekso kategorijoje "skaitmeninio mokymo politika ir ją įgyvendinančios institucijos" gana aukštų vertinimų sulaukė Pietų Europos šalys, tai rodo jų siekį stiprinti savo pozicijas skaitmeniniame pasaulyje. Tarp lyderių šioje kategorijoje taip pat atsidūrė Estija ir Olandija. Gana aukšta Lietuvos pozicija sudarytame sąraše taip pat grindžiama pozityviais antrojo indekso komponento (t. y. politika ir institucijos) rodiklių vertinimais, o dalyvavimas mokyme ir mokymo rezultatai buvo įvertinti kukliai. Remiantis Lietuvos pavyzdžiu straipsnyje pateikiama argumentų, kodėl antram indekso komponentui neturėtų būti teikiama didesnė reikšmė nei kitiems komponentams.

International audience ; The social enterprise is a quite new phenomenon which derives from the development of the social economy aiming to combine social, economic and political targets. Nowadays the social economy is considered as effective way to create and manage a human capital with the recognition of the importance of personal and community interests. In the most countries of the European Union the social enterprises are significant element of development of the non-governmental sector. The implementation of the principles of social economy in Lithuania is characterized by certain peculiarities. The creation of the modern, "West-type" social enterprises in Lithuania was highly welcomed in regard to the social and economical changes in society, such as social exclusion of vulnerable groups, growing pressure on the social security system, the need to vitalise local communities, etc. In 2004 the Law on Social Enterprises came in force and more than 100 enterprises were established in the country till now. It worth mention that the businesses aimed to employment of disabled people existed also in soviet period; some of them gained the status of social enterprises later. The concept of social enterprises is still under consideration though. The obstacles to involve other vulnerable groups than disabled are strong. The elaboration of the vision, clarification of the aims and targets of social enterprises as the tool of social and economic development require thorough analysis of the past trends, present conditions, and future developments. Paper aims to identify the main differences between mainstream European concept of social enterprise and the Lithuanian situation in social enterprises. The phenomenon of social enterprises presented in the context of the changing social and employment policy in West and East European countries. The situation in Lithuanian social enterprises is described on the basis of extensive information selected from representatives of social enterprises, the experts, and the ...

This paper aims to establish which factors influence whether people in eastern/central European countries decide to continue in paid work or retire. The situation in Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Slovakia in 2010 is analysed. In order to pursue this aim, the following objectives were set: firstly, to analyse previous research on the topic, secondly, to evaluate factors influencing people's decisions on whether to continue in paid work or retire in selected eastern/central European countries, and, finally, to conclude. Secondary analysis was conducted in order to pursue the research aim. Sources of data include European Social Survey Round 5 (2010) data, Eurostat, and MISSOC. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The extent to which a person is willing to engage in work on reaching the legal age of retirement is analysed in relation to economic situation, state of health, and working conditions.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. The decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta‐analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work after retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. The analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. e decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta-analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work a er retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. e analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. e decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta-analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work a er retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. e analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. e decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta-analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work a er retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. e analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. e decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta-analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work a er retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. e analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

SummaryThe review of the research on labour market groups at risk covers research conducted in the period between 2004 and 2010. It includes applied research carried out at the request of public authorities or other concerned authorities, as well as doctoral dissertations. Mostly, the research focused on such labour market groups at risk as disabled persons, youth and elderly people. The review revealed that special research on the situation of groups at risk in the labour market is a valuable source of information, since there is a lack of information on the national level. A further analysis of issues related to the integration of labour market groups at risk and instruments for reintegration of these groups into labour market would be of great importance.Keywords: labour market groups at risk, disabled people, youth, elderly people. ; Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetasVerslo vadybos fakultetasSocialinės ekonomikos ir vadybos katedraSaulėtekio al. 11, 602 kab., LT-10223 VilniusEl. paštas: laima.okuneviciute@dsti.ltLietuvos socialinių tyrimų centroDarbo ir socialinių tyrimų institutasA. Goštauto g. 11, LT-01108 VilniusEl. paštas: julija.moskvina@dsti.lt Straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti išskirtų tikslinių grupių situaciją darbo rinkoje kintančių ekonomikos iššūkių kontekste ir suformuoti gaires tolesniems tyrinėjimams.Į apžvalgą pateko kompetentingų tyrėjų valstybės arba kitų suinteresuotų institucijų užsakymu atlikti darbai, daktaro disertacijos. Siekiama atskleisti pažeidžiamų gyventojų grupių integraciją į darbo rinką lemiančius veiksnius, nusakant, kaip skirtingo lygio socialinės ir užimtumo politikos įgyvendintojai efektyviausiai prisidėtų prie šių integravimosi procesų. Į apžvalgą taip pat įtraukti darbai, kurių pagrindinis tikslas nėra tiesiogiai susijęs su pažeidžiamų asmenų padėties darbo rinkoje problematika, tačiau rezultatai yra reikšmingi atsižvelgiant į skirtingų gyventojų grupių specifiką. Daugelis tyrimų yra taikomojo pobūdžio.Problematika, susijusi su rizikos grupių padėtimi ir perspektyvomis šalies darbo rinkoje, yra gana siaura, tačiau nuolat plečiasi – apima vis naujas socialinės ir užimtumo politikos sferas, o tai sudaro gerą pagrindą tolesniems tyrimams. Šiuo metu Europos užimtumo politikos kontekste plėtojama įtraukiosios darbo rinkos koncepcija (2010) numato didesnį darbingo amžiaus žmonių užimtumą, užtikrinantį asmeninę raidą. Šios vizijos pasiekimas numato galimybių patekti į darbo rinką didinimą, įskaitant ir sugrįžimą į ją po pertraukos, taip pat išsilaikymą darbo rinkoje ir visišką integraciją į ją. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama pažeidžiamų gyventojų grupių situacija, jos pokyčiai įvertinami per įtraukiosios darbo rinkos koncepcijos prizmę. Tyrimo metodai: straipsnio pagrindą sudaro lyginamoji statistinių duomenų analizė, specialių tyrimų rezultatai, 2004–2010 m. Lietuvoje įgyvendintų tyrimų (studijų), susijusių su darbo rinkoje pažeidžiamų gyventojų problematika, kritinė analizė, pritaikant įtraukiosios darbo rinkos koncepcijos nuostatas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: darbo rinkoje pažeidžiamos gyventojų grupės, neįgalieji, jaunimas, pagyvenę asmenys. VULNERABLE GROUPS: EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGESLaima Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, Julija Moskvina SummaryThe review of the research on labour market groups at risk covers research conducted in the period between 2004 and 2010. It includes applied research carried out at the request of public authorities or other concerned authorities, as well as doctoral dissertations. Mostly, the research focused on such labour market groups at risk as disabled persons, youth and elderly people. The review revealed that special research on the situation of groups at risk in the labour market is a valuable source of information, since there is a lack of information on the national level. A further analysis of issues related to the integration of labour market groups at risk and instruments for reintegration of these groups into labour market would be of great importance.Keywords: labour market groups at risk, disabled people, youth, elderly people.

SummaryThe review of the research on labour market groups at risk covers research conducted in the period between 2004 and 2010. It includes applied research carried out at the request of public authorities or other concerned authorities, as well as doctoral dissertations. Mostly, the research focused on such labour market groups at risk as disabled persons, youth and elderly people. The review revealed that special research on the situation of groups at risk in the labour market is a valuable source of information, since there is a lack of information on the national level. A further analysis of issues related to the integration of labour market groups at risk and instruments for reintegration of these groups into labour market would be of great importance.Keywords: labour market groups at risk, disabled people, youth, elderly people.